A Ethyl phosphate
B Chloroethane (ethyl chloride)
C Ethyl dichlorophosphate
D Phosphoric acid
Explanation: PCl5 converts alcohols to alkyl chlorides: C2H5OH + PCl5 -> C2H5Cl + POCl3 + HCl. The OH group is replaced by Cl.
A CH3COOH > ClCH2COOH > Cl2CHCOOH > Cl3CCOOH
B Cl3CCOOH > Cl2CHCOOH > ClCH2COOH > CH3COOH
C All have the same acidity
D ClCH2COOH > Cl3CCOOH > Cl2CHCOOH > CH3COOH
Explanation: Chlorine is electron-withdrawing (inductive effect). More Cl atoms increase acidity by stabilizing the conjugate base (carboxylate anion) through electron withdrawal.
A Retention of configuration
B Inversion of configuration giving (S)-2-butanol
C Racemization
D No reaction
Explanation: SN2 proceeds with Walden inversion: the nucleophile attacks from the back side of the C-Br bond, inverting the stereochemistry from (R) to (S).
Explanation: Maximum stereoisomers = 2^n where n is the number of chiral centers. However, meso compounds may reduce this number if the molecule has internal symmetry.
A Propylbenzoic acid
B Benzoic acid
C Phenol
D No reaction
Explanation: Hot KMnO4 oxidizes any alkyl group on benzene (with at least one benzylic H) to -COOH, producing benzoic acid regardless of the alkyl chain length.